Theories of ethical leadership provide important insights about the effect of leader’s ethics on the relationship between leaders and followers. However, there is an increasing demand for addressing key constructs that enhance the capacity to explain theoretical aspects of ethical leadership. The purpose of this study is to expand the theoretical framework of ethical leadership based on Korean traditional leadership by focusing on personal cultivation, morality, and social responsibility. Using a framework of intrapersonal process as leadership and core value and (...) competence as components of leadership, this study examines the ethical aspects of Korean traditional leadership and provides the implications to further develop the theory of ethical leadership. It is found that ethical integrity ensued from sugi is an essential precondition to develop leadership, and the core value of ethical leadership includes Zhixin-Chijing and the competence co.. (shrink)

001. 인간의 본질 002. 한민족과 전통사상 003. 민주주의 004. 현대사회와 직업윤리 005. 산업사회와 환경윤리 006. 북한체제의 신 정치이념 007. 민족통이론.

001. 인간의 본질 002. 한민족과 전통사상 003. 민주주의 004. 현대사회와 직업윤리 005. 산업사회와 환경윤리 006. 북한체제의 신 정치이념 007. 민족통이론.

1-2. Hyojado -- 3. Ch'ungsindo -- 4-5. Yŏllyŏdo.

장일순(1928~1994)은 강원도 원주에서 태어나 일생의 대부분을 원주에서 생활한 지역 사상가이지만, 그가 제시한 생명사상은 지역성을 넘어선 보편적 사유로서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 생태문제와 기후문제가 점점 심각해지는 오늘날의 관점에서 볼 때, 장일순의 생명 사상은 선구적일 뿐만 아니라 윤리적으로도 실천적인 대안을 제시하고 있다는 점에서 현 재성을 가진다. 장일순은 생명의 전일성에 대한 깨달음을 강조하고, 이를 통한 인식변화와 행동의 변화를 강조한다는 점에서 실천적 신비주의자이자 윤리사상가라고 할 수 있다. 그 는 동학의 신비주의적 생명사상과 ‘시천주(侍天主)’ 와 ‘양천주(養天主)’의 실천사상을 적 극적으로 수용하는 한편, 이것을 특정 종교의 가르침이 아닌 보편적인 (...) 생명사상으로 발전 시켰다. 그는 강력한 도덕 명령에 의한 의무보다는 생명을 바라보는 인식의 변화를 통한 자발적인 태도변화를 강조하였으며, 이러한 윤리적 실천은 서양의 ‘심층생태학’과도 많은 접점을 가진다. 장일순의 생명사상은 세계를 상호관계성 속에서 파악함으로써 생명 간의 소통가능성과 ‘마음’의 변화가능성을 주장할 뿐만 아니라 행동의 적극적인 변화를 촉구한 다. 그는 또한 생명과 세계의 전일성을 이해함으로써 자아와 세계의 이분법적 분열을 극복 할 수 있다고 주장한다. 그의 생명사상은 정체성보다는 다양성과 평등을 특징으로 하는 연 대에 기반하며, ‘한살림’운동은 이러한 특징을 구체적으로 실현하는 생명네트워크로서 시 작되었다. ‘한살림’은 우주․생태․공동체적 각성을 기본정신으로 삼고 있으며, 보편성을 지닌 실천 문화활동으로서 장일순 생명사상의 윤리적 실천가능성을 보여주고 있다. (shrink)

Intelligent neurotechnology is an emerging field that combines neurotechnologies like brain-computer interface (BCI) with artificial intelligence. This paper introduces a capability framework to assess the responsible use of intelligent BCI systems and provide practical ethical guidance. It proposes two tests, the threshold and flourishing tests, that BCI applications must meet, and illustrates them in a series of cases. After a brief introduction (Section 1), Section 2 sets forth the capability view and the two tests. It illustrates the threshold test using (...) examples from clinical medicine of BCI applications that enable patients with profound disabilities to function at a threshold level through computer mediation. Section 3 illustrates the flourishing test by exploring possible future applications of BCI involving neuroenhancements for healthy people, using examples adapted from research currently underway in the US military. Section 3 applies a capability lens to a complex case involving dual effects, both therapeutic and non-therapeutic, showing how the threshold and flourishing tests resolve the case. Section 4 replies to three objections: neurorights are the best tool for assessing BCI; the two tests are moving targets; and the analysis utilizes a capability view to do work it is not designed for. The paper concludes that a capability view offers unique advantages and gives practical guidance for evaluating the responsible use of present and future BCI applications. Extrapolating from our analysis may help guide other emerging technologies, such as germline gene editing, expected to impact central human capabilities. (shrink)

This lucid and comprehensive essay by a distinguished philosopher surveys the views of Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz, and Kant on the nature of mathematics. It examines the propositions and theories of the schools these philosophers inspired, and it concludes by discussing the relationship between mathematical theories, empirical data, and philosophical presuppositions. 1968 edition.

A genuine Copernican turn in Kantian and Marxist theory and practice.

Background: As moral action could help nurses reduce moral distress, it is necessary to carry out qualitative research to present the experiences in which nurses apply moral action. Aim: To describe and analyze the phronesis applied by nurses in the face of moral distress. Research design: The research participants were invited to participate in in-depth interviews. The research materials were based on the stories described by the research participants and recorded by means of first-person narrative. Narrative analysis was applied to (...) interpret the nurses’ phronesis. Participants: Twenty-seven nurses from Taiwan. Ethical considerations: The Institutional Review Board of the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital in Taiwan confirmed that this study passed the research ethical review. Findings: According to the narrative analysis results, the phenomenon of moral distress contains difficulty, action, and idea transformation. The difficulty is the source of moral distress, action is the practice of moral courage, and idea transformation is the nurse’s emotional movement. Action and idea transformation are collectively called phronesis in this study. Discussion: Moral distress refers to a state of suffering caused by situations in which nurses cannot carry out their ethical intentions. Phronesis is the process through which nurses take actions and relocate the subjects and is an ethical way to find relief from moral distress. Starting with empathy and respectful attitudes arising from self-reflection, nurses may be helped to get relief from the suffering of moral distress. Conclusion: Phronesis can help nurses positively face the emotional strain of moral distress. This article puts forward a narrative method to complete the four steps of phronesis: write about the care experience, identify the difficulties in the stories, seek the possibility of action, and form a new care attitude, which could help nurses learn to reduce their moral distress. (shrink)

In _Isonomia and the Origins of Philosophy_—published originally in Japanese and now available in four languages—Kojin Karatani questions the idealization of ancient Athens as the source of philosophy and democracy by placing the origins instead in Ionia, a set of Greek colonies located in present-day Turkey. Contrasting Athenian democracy with Ionian isonomia—a system based on non-rule and a lack of social divisions whereby equality is realized through the freedom to immigrate—Karatani shows how early Greek thinkers from Heraclitus to Pythagoras were (...) inseparably linked to the isonomia of their Ionian origins, not democracy. He finds in isonomia a model for how an egalitarian society not driven by class antagonism might be put into practice, and resituates Socrates's work and that of his intellectual heirs as the last philosophical attempts to practice isonomia's utopic potentials. Karatani subtly interrogates the democratic commitments of Western philosophy from within and argues that the key to transcending their contradictions lies not in Athenian democracy, with its echoes of imperialism, slavery, and exclusion, but in the openness of isonomia. (shrink)

AI technology advancement has sparked a global initiative to educate youth on AI ethics. Understanding students’ prior knowledge is vital. This study explores the diverse perceptions of AI ethics among Korean middle school students using Q methodology. Four types emerged: Privacy Guardians, AI Coexistence Pursuers, AI Ethics Conservatives, and Domestic Distributive Justice Advocates. These classifications reflect the students’ concerns, attitudes toward AI, and value preferences. Despite differences, there is consensus on the importance of human dignity and disagreement with the fair (...) distribution of economic benefits of AI between countries. The findings suggest the need for tailored educational strategies based on students’ perceptions to foster balanced ethical reflection. (shrink)

Background: Most previous studies on moral distress focused on the factors that cause moral distress, paying inadequate attention to the moral conflict of nurses’ values, the physician–nurse power hierarchy, and the influence of the culture. Research objective: To analyze the main causes for moral distress with interpretive interactionism. Research design: A qualitative study was adopted. Participants: Through purposeful sampling, 32 nurses from 12 different departments were chosen as the samples. Ethical considerations: Approval from the Institutional Review Board of the Kaohsiung (...) Medical University Hospital. Findings: Moral distress is likely to occur in the following clinical situations: patients have no idea about their diseases; the medical decisions fail to meet the optimum benefit of patients; and patients with terminal cancers are not given a proper death. The reason why nurses become trapped in moral distress is that they fail to achieve moral goodness. Inadequate confidence, the physician–nurse power hierarchy, and the Oriental culture affect nurses’ goodness-based intention for patients, which deteriorates moral distress. Discussion: The main cause for moral distress is the moral goodness of nurses. If nurses’ goodness-based intention for patients is inconsistent with the moral objective of achieving optimum benefit for patients, it leads to moral distress. Culture is an essential background factor of care for patients. In the Oriental culture, family members influence patients’ right to know about their diseases, the choice of treatment, and patients’ autonomy of not receiving cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. This results in moral distress in medical care. Conclusion: The occurrence of moral distress demonstrates that nurses have moral characteristics such as goodness and caring. It is suggested that appropriate educational strategies can be adopted to weaken the power hierarchy between physicians and nurses and enhance nurses’ confidence and cultural sensitivity, so as to reduce the moral distress of nurses. (shrink)

Johann-Heinrich Königshausen. D. Zur Differenz zwischen der transzendentalen Deduktion der Ausgabe A und der Ausgabe B unter der Rücksicht der Problematik der subjektiven Deduktion Wir zitierten bereits jene Mitteilung Kants aus der ...

It is shown that there exist subsets A and B of the real line which are recursively constructible such that A has a nonrecursive Hausdorff dimension and B has a recursive Hausdorff dimension but has a finite, nonrecursive Hausdorff measure. It is also shown that there exists a polynomial-time computable curve on the two-dimensional plane that has a nonrecursive Hausdorff dimension between 1 and 2. Computability of Julia sets of computable functions on the real line is investigated. It is shown (...) that there exists a polynomial-time computable function f on the real line whose Julia set is not recurisvely approximable. (shrink)

Tomographic approach to describing both the states in classical statistical mechanics and the states in quantum mechanics using the fair probability distributions is reviewed. The entropy associated with the probability distribution (tomographic entropy) for classical and quantum systems is studied. The experimental possibility to check the inequalities like the position–momentum uncertainty relations and entropic uncertainty relations are considered.